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Hardware is the physical equipment. Firmware is software stored in non-volatile memory that provides low-level startup or device control. The operating system manages resources and provides services used by applications.
Worked sequence: starting a laptop
Power allows the processor to begin executing startup firmware. Firmware performs initial checks and helps locate/load the operating system. The operating system manages memory, files and devices. A word processor then uses operating-system services to open a document and send output to a printer through its driver.
The application does not replace the operating system, and the operating system is not the physical RAM. RAM holds programs/data currently in use; non-volatile firmware remains available when power is removed.
Independent explanation
A computer can show a firmware setup screen but cannot load its operating system. Explain why some code can execute even though a normal application cannot yet be used.
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Application: Dependencies
Application: Dependencies
- Which software begins the startup process: firmware or word processor? [Space 1]
- Which layer manages files for applications? [Space 2]
- Is RAM hardware or application software? [Space 3]
Interactive exercises for Module 2 and beyond require an active plan.